Kodi mumadziwa zonyamula katundu ndi njira zoyendera ndi zabwino zake?
Zogulitsa
Packaging ndi mawu wamba pazotengera, zida ndi zida zothandizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi njira zina zaukadaulo zoteteza zinthu, kuwongolera kusungirako ndi mayendedwe, ndikulimbikitsa malonda panthawi yamayendedwe. Ntchito zazikulu zapaketi ndi izi:
2. Sinthani magwiridwe antchitoKugwira ntchito bwino kwa katundu panjira yopangira zinthu Kuyika zinthu zosonkhanitsira m'ntchito zoyendetsera zinthu kumakhudza mwachindunji kutsitsa ndi kutsitsa magalimoto, kulandila ndi kutumiza katundu m'malo osungira, komanso kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito kakusamukira kumagalimoto ndi malo osungira.
1. Pewani kuti katundu asawonongeke panthawi yoyendetsa
Mwachitsanzo: kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chilengedwe monga kugwedezeka, kukhudzidwa, kuphulika ndi kutulutsa, komanso kugwa ndi kuphwanya mashelufu, kusungirako kapena njira zoyendetsera; kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe monga ma radiation.
3. Kutumiza uthenga
Zogulitsa zopakidwa ziyenera kukhala ndi zidziwitso monga chizindikiritso cha chinthu, wopanga, dzina lachinthu, kuchuluka kwamkati, tsiku ndi chizindikiritso, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri polandila, kusankha ndi kutsimikizira fomula.
4. Limbikitsani malonda
Mapangidwe a mawonekedwe, zinthu, kusindikiza kwamtundu ndi kutsegula kwazenera kwa kunja kwa mankhwala kumapangitsa kuti zolembera zikhale ndi ntchito yokongoletsera, kulimbikitsa malonda ndi kulimbikitsa malonda.
Mwachidule, ntchito yayikulu yolongedza ndikupereka chitetezo panthawi yonyamula katundu. Ndiye, mayendedwe ndi njira zoyendera ndi ziti?
Njira yoyendetsera zinthu ndi njira, njira ndi mtundu womwe mayendedwe a okwera ndi katundu amamalizidwa. Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendera, zitha kugawidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mayendedwe osiyanasiyana ndi oyenera katundu wosiyanasiyana. Mitundu yodziwika bwino imaphatikizapo mayendedwe apanyanja, mayendedwe anjanji, mayendedwe apandege, mayendedwe apamsewu, mayendedwe a mapaipi, mayendedwe amakontena, ndi mayendedwe amitundumitundu.
1. Zoyendera pamsewu.
Njira yonyamulira katundu ndi okwera pamsewu makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito magalimoto, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto ena (monga anthu, magalimoto okokedwa ndi nyama). Mayendedwe apamsewu makamaka amatenga mtunda waufupi, waung'ono wonyamula katundu ndi madzi, mtunda wautali, wonyamula katundu wambiri komanso mayendedwe apamtunda pomwe ubwino wa njanji ndi mayendedwe amadzi ndizovuta kufikira.
Pakali pano, chiwerengero cha magalimoto padziko lonse chafika ku 400 miliyoni. M'mayendedwe amakono padziko lonse lapansi, misewu yayikulu imakhala 2/3, pafupifupi makilomita 20 miliyoni, ndipo kuchuluka kwa katundu komwe kumamalizidwa ndi mayendedwe amsewu ndi 80% ya voliyumu yonse yonyamula katundu. Pafupifupi 10% ya zotulukapo za katundu. M'mayiko ena otukuka kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa katundu ndi kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe amsewu ndi zina mwa njira zabwino kwambiri zamayendedwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo mayendedwe amsewu akhala gawo lofunikira komanso lofunika kwambiri.
Ubwino waukulu wamayendedwe apamsewu ndi kusinthasintha kwamphamvu, nthawi yomanga misewu yayifupi, ndalama zochepa, zosavuta kusinthira kumadera akumaloko, malo olandila sitimayi sizinthu zofunikira kwambiri."Pakhomo ndi khomo" zoyendera zitha kutengedwa, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera pachitseko cha wotumiza kupita kuchitseko cha wolandila, popanda kusinthidwa kapena kubwereza mobwerezabwereza. Mayendedwe amsewu angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati njira yolumikizirana ndi njira zina zoyendera. Maulendo azachuma amsewu nthawi zambiri amakhala mkati mwa makilomita 200. Koma mayendedwe apamsewu amakhalanso ndi malire ena: katundu wocheperako, wosayenera kunyamula katundu wolemera, wamkulu, wosayenera kuyenda mtunda wautali; Kugwedezeka kwa galimoto yomwe ikugwira ntchito ndi yaikulu, yomwe imakhala yosavuta kuchititsa ngozi ya kuwonongeka kwa katundu ndi kusiyana kwa katundu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mtengo wa mayendedwe ndi wapamwamba kuposa wa mayendedwe amadzi ndi njanji.
2. Mayendedwe ndi njanji.
Kugwiritsa ntchito masitima apamtunda kunyamula anthu ndi katundu. Mayendedwe a njanji nthawi zambiri amatenga mtunda wautali komanso katundu wambiri, womwe ndi njira yayikulu yoyendera pamayendedwe akuluakulu. Njira yoyendera njanji imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri, ndipo zimayenderana. Popanda machitidwe oyenera, sitima sizikuyenda bwino. M’madera amene madzi mulibe, pafupifupi katundu wambiri amatumizidwa panjanji.
Ubwino ndi liwiro lachangu, osati malire ndi zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa katundu, ndalama zoyendera ndizotsika. Choyipa chachikulu ndi kusinthasintha kosasinthika, kumatha kungokwaniritsa zoyendera pamzere wokhazikika, kuyenera kugwirizana ndi njira zina zoyendera ndi kulumikizana. Kubwera kwa nthawi ya intaneti ya Zinthu, zoyendera njanji zabweretsa mwayi watsopano wachitukuko. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa Internet of Things pamayendedwe a njanji m'dziko lathu kumatha kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso zamalocomotive ndi magalimoto omwe akuyendetsa, monga nambala ya locomotive, nambala yagalimoto, udindo, malo, komwe kuli ndi nthawi yofika, ndikutsata zambiri za locomotive ndi galimoto ndi katundu mu nthawi yeniyeni. Maulendo azachuma amayendedwe apanjanji nthawi zambiri amakhala opitilira makilomita 200.
3. Kuyenda pamadzi.
Mayendedwe a pamadzi ndiye njira yayikulu yoyendera pamayendetsedwe a thunthu, yomwe imakhudzanso mayendedwe ochulukirapo komanso mtunda wautali. M'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zotengera zamadzi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yaying'ono yoyendera kuti igwirizane ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito zonyamula katundu wambiri. Kuyendera pamadzi ndi gawo lofunikira la kayendedwe kazinthu zonse ku China, patatha zaka zambiri zachitukuko, dziko lathu lakhala mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yamadzi padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti mu 2020 doko la China lonyamula katundu la matani 14.55 biliyoni, doko la doko la 260 miliyoni teu, zonyamula katundu pamadoko ndi zotengera ndizoyamba padziko lapansi.
Ubwino waukulu wa zoyendera madzi ndi otsika mtengo, akhoza kuchita otsika mtengo, buku lalikulu, mtunda wautali zoyendera. Mayendedwe amadzi ndi njira zina zoyendera kuyerekeza, mawonekedwe ake ndi osiyana kwambiri, omwe amadziwika kuti kutumiza zoteteza zachilengedwe. Mayendedwe am'madzi atenga gawo lalikulu pakupanga zisankho zazikulu monga kukwera pamwamba pa kaboni ndi kusalowerera ndale. Koma zoyendera madzi alinso kuipa zoonekeratu, makamaka wosakwiya zoyendera liwiro, ndi doko, mlingo madzi, nyengo, nyengo, kuti kuyimitsidwa zoyendera kwa nthawi yaitali m'chaka.
Pali njira zinayi zoyendera pamadzi:
(1) Zoyendera m’mphepete mwa nyanja. Ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito zombo kunyamula anthu ndi katundu kudutsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja pafupi ndi dziko. Nthawi zambiri, sitima zapakatikati ndi zazing'ono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
(2) Maulendo apanyanja. Ndi njira yoyendera yomwe zombo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula anthu ndi katundu kudzera munjira zapanyanja zamayiko oyandikana nawo kumtunda. Kutengera mtundu, zombo zapakatikati kapena zazing'ono zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
(3) Mayendedwe apanyanja. Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zombo kudutsa nyanja yamchere yonyamula mtunda wautali, makamaka kudalira kuchuluka kwa zombo zazikulu.
(4) Mayendetsedwe a mtsinje. Ndi njira yoyendera pogwiritsa ntchito zombo m'madzi a mitsinje, mitsinje, nyanja ndi mitsinje mkati mwa mtunda, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito sitima zapakatikati ndi zazing'ono.
4. Zoyendera ndege.
Njira yoyendera ndi ndege kapena ndege zina. Mtengo wa mayunitsi amayendedwe apandege ndiwokwera kwambiri. Choncho, pali mitundu iwiri ya katundu makamaka oyenera kunyamula. Chimodzi ndi katundu wamtengo wapatali komanso mphamvu zonyamula katundu, monga zida zamtengo wapatali ndi zinthu zapamwamba. Chinacho ndi zinthu zimene zikufunika mwamsanga, monga zothandiza pakachitika tsoka ndi zopulumutsira anthu.
Ubwino waukulu wa kayendedwe ka ndege ndikuti umayenda mwachangu komanso osawerengeka ndi mtunda. Ndizofunika kwambiri chifukwa zimatha kudaliranso zoyendera ndege m'madera omwe sitingathe kufika pa sitima kapena basi.
5. International multimodal transport
Mayendedwe a Multimodal mwachidule, amapangidwa ndikupangidwa pamaziko a zoyendera zotengera. Zimatanthawuza kunyamula katundu m'njira zosachepera ziwiri zosiyana ndi woyendetsa maulendo a multimodal kuchokera kumalo omwe atengedwa m'dziko lina kupita kumalo operekedwa kudziko lina malinga ndi mgwirizano wa multimodal transport. Zoyendera zapadziko lonse lapansi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndizoyenera kuyenda pamadzi, misewu, njanji ndi ndege. Pazamalonda apadziko lonse lapansi, popeza 85% ~ 90% ya katunduyo amamalizidwa ndi nyanja, zoyendera panyanja zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pamayendedwe apadziko lonse lapansi.
Njira zoyendera zomwe zimamalizidwa limodzi ndi mitundu iwiri yamayendedwe azidziwitso zonse zimatchedwa mayendedwe apawiri, omwe amadziwika kuti mayendedwe amtundu wa multimodal m'dziko lathu. Mwachitsanzo, ndege yochokera ku Shanghai kupita ku JOHANNESBURG, South Africa, idzayenda panyanja -- kuchokera ku Shanghai kupita ku DURBAN kenako ndi pamtunda -- kuchokera ku Durban kupita ku Johannesburg. Izi kale multimodal. Koma ma multimodal transport mu lingaliro la malonda apadziko lonse, osati kukhala ndi maziko oterowo, komanso ayenera kukhala ndi "multimodal bill of lading" - ndiko kuti, "multimodal transport" contract.
Ngakhale zili choncho, zomwe timachita nthawi zambiri ndikutenga ndalama zapanyanja m'malo mwa "multimodal bill of lading". Chifukwa chake, ngakhale pali zoyendera zama multimodal, sizikugwirizana ndi tanthauzo la "multimodal transport".
Ubwino ndi:
1. Udindo wogwirizana ndi njira zosavuta;
2. Sungani ndalama ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zoyendera;
3. Chepetsani maulalo apakatikati, kufupikitsa nthawi ndikuwongolera mayendedwe;
4. Kuwongolera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kamwemwe kapabumwe kapabukhu kapanganikambo99jojo3jojojojojojojojojojo kokojo kwakalisayojoajijoajišo yeniso yeniso yenisonisonisonisomelelamelelandathanethanethane, is.'
5, akhoza kukwaniritsa zoyendera khomo ndi khomo;
Malinga ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake chachiwiri, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti zotengera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito siziyenera kuvulaza anthu komanso anthu, komanso kukhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira chakuthupi pazogulitsa ndi chitetezo cha kutentha panthawi yonse yoyendera. Iyeneranso kuwonetsetsa kuti kutumizidwa kwa katundu munjira yonse yoyendetsera zinthu sikudutsa moyipa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-16-2022
